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Artificial cranial deformation, head flattening, or head binding is a form of body alteration in which the skull of a human being is deformed intentionally. It is done by distorting the normal growth of a child's skull by applying force. Flat shapes, elongated ones (produced by binding between two pieces of wood), rounded ones (binding in cloth), and conical ones are among those chosen. Typically, it is carried out on an infant, as the skull is most pliable at this time. In a typical case, headbinding begins approximately a month after birth and continues for about six months. ==History== The practice of intentional cranial deformation is believed to predate written history; it was practised commonly in a number of cultures that are widely separated geographically and chronologically, and still occurs today in a few places, including Vanuatu. The earliest suggested examples were once thought to include the Proto-Neolithic ''Homo sapiens'' component (ninth millennium BC) from Shanidar Cave in Iraq,〔Meiklejohn, Christopher; Anagnostis Agelarakis; Peter A. Akkermans; Philip E.L. Smith & Ralph Solecki (1992) "Artificial cranial deformation in the Proto-Neolithic and Neolithic Near East and its possible origin: evidence from four sites," ''Paléorient'' 18(2), pp. 83-97, see (), accessed 1 August 2015.〕 and also among Neolithic peoples in Southwest Asia.〔〔K.O. Lorentz (2010) "Ubaid head shaping," in ''Beyond the Ubaid'' (R.A. Carter & G. Philip, Eds.), pp. 125-148.〕 The view that these were artificially deformed, thus representing the oldest example of such practices (by tens of thousands of years) has since been argued incorrect by Chech, Grove, Thorne, and Trinkaus, based on new cranial reconstructions in 1999, where the team concluded "we no longer consider that artificial cranial deformation can be inferred for the specimen".〔 The earliest written record of cranial deformation—by Hippocrates, of the Macrocephali or Long-heads, who were named for their practice of cranial modification—dates to 400 BC.〔Hippocrates of Cos (1923) (400 BC ) Airs, Waters, and Places, Part 14, e.g., Loeb Classic Library Vol. 147, pp. 110-111 (W. H. S. Jones, transl., DOI: 10.4159/DLCL.hippocrates_cos-airs_waters_places.1923, see (). Alternatively, the Adams 1849 and subsequent English editions (e.g., 1891), ''The Genuine Works of Hippocrates'' (Francis Adams, transl.), New York, NY, USA: William Wood, at the () Internet Classics Archive (Daniel C. Stevenson, compiler), see (). Alternatively, the Clifton 1752 English editions, "Hippocrates Upon Air, Water, and Situation; Upon Epidemical Diseases; and Upon Prognosticks, In Acute Cases especially. To which is added…" Second edition, pp. 22-23 (Francis Clifton, transl.), London, GBR: John Whiston and Benj. White; and Lockyer Davis, see (). All web versions accessed 1 August 2015.〕 In the Old World, Huns also are known to have practised similar cranial deformation.〔(Facial reconstruction of a Hunnish woman ), Das Historische Museum der Pfalz, Speyer〕 as were the people known as the Alans.〔Bachrach, Bernard S. (1973) ''A History of the Alans in the West: From Their First Appearance in the Sources of Classical Antiquity Through the Early Middle Ages'', pp. 67-69, Minneapolis, MN, USA: University of Minnesota Press.〕 In Late Antiquity (AD 300-600), the East Germanic tribes who were ruled by the Huns, the Gepids, Ostrogoths, Heruli, Rugii, and Burgundians adopted this custom. In western Germanic tribes, artificial skull deformations rarely have been found.〔Pany, Doris & Karin Wiltschke-Schrotta, "Artificial cranial deformation in a migration period burial of Schwarzenbach, Lower Austria," ''ViaVIAS'', no. 2, pp. 18-23, Vienna, AUT: Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science.〕 In the Americas, the Maya, Inca, and certain tribes of North American natives performed the custom. In North America the practice was known, especially among the Chinookan tribes of the Northwest and the Choctaw of the Southeast. The Native American group known as the Flathead Indians, in fact, did not practise head flattening, but were named as such in contrast to other Salishan people who used skull modification to make the head appear rounder. Other tribes, however, including the Choctaw,〔Elliott Shaw, 2015, "Choctaw Religion," at ''Overview Of World Religions,'' Carlisle, CMA, GBR: University of Cumbria Department of Religion and Ethics, see (), accessed 1 August 2015.〕 Chehalis, and Nooksack Indians, also practiced head flattening by strapping the infant's head to a cradleboard. The practice of cranial deformation was also practiced by the Lucayan people of the Bahamas, and it was also known among the Australian Aborigines. Friedrich Ratzel reported in 1896 that deformation of the skull, both by flattening it behind and elongating it toward the vertex, was found in isolated instances in Tahiti, Samoa, Hawaii, and the Paumotu group, and that it occurred most frequently on Mallicollo in the New Hebrides (today Malakula, Vanuatu), where the skull was squeezed extraordinarily flat. In the region of Toulouse (France), these cranial deformations persisted sporadically up until the early twentieth century; however, rather than being intentionally produced as with some earlier European cultures, Toulousian Deformation seemed to have been the unwanted result of an ancient medical practice among the French peasantry known as ''bandeau'', in which a baby's head was tightly wrapped and padded in order to protect it from impact and accident shortly after birth; in fact, many of the early modern observers of the deformation were recorded as pitying these peasant children, whom they believed to have been lowered in intelligence due to the persistence of old European customs.〔Eric John Dingwall, Eric John (1931) "Later artificial cranial deformation in Europe (Ch. 2)," in ''Artificial Cranial Deformation: A Contribution to the Study of Ethnic Mutilations,'' pp. 46-80, London, GBR:Bale, Sons & Danielsson, see () and (), both accessed 1 August 2015.〕 The custom of binding babies' heads in Europe in the twentieth century, though dying out at the time, was predominant in France, and also found in pockets in western Russia, the Caucasus, and in Scandinavia.〔 The reasons for the shaping of the head varied over time and for different reasons, from esthetic to pseudoscientific ideas about the brain's ability to hold certain types of thought depending on its shape.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Artificial cranial deformation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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